pp范文

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pp范文篇一

模拟联合国sample PP

Sample Position Paper

Committee: General Assembly

Topic: Measures to Counter Government Corruption and Exploitation Country: Federative Republic of Brazil、

School:Xi'an International Studies University

Delegates:

Brazil, has serious corruption problem which diverts resources and hinders people’s access to essential public services. A series of corruption scandals continue to surface in recent years, even triggering some anti-corruption campaigns and demonstrations among citizens, which can be a threat to social stability. Attempts to curb corruption have been made by Brazilian government, for example, the anti-corruption campaign started by the former president Lula Da Silva. And several new laws have been introduced. Up till now, Brazil has a strong legal framework aimed at curbing corruption; the problem is that the enforcement of law is rather weak, and the judicial system no longer serves the current situation. Moreover, bureaucratic regulatory environment also attributes to corruption by private sectors in doing business. The civil society has not taken an active part in, as among the 500,000 civil societies, only a small number of them focus on governance and anti-corruption.

Corruption is addressed in several federal laws, such as 1998 Money Laundering Law, the Access to Information Law, passed in October, 2011. The most prominent is the Brazilian Penal code, dealing with offering or paying bribes within government department or by private sectors, deemed as “very strong” by Global Integrity in 2006. In 2012, a new electoral law, Ficha Limpa, which bars anybody who has corruption charges from running for office, was passed and put into practice in the national election in October. And the Draft 6826/2010,

addressing

corporate civil and administrative liability for certain illicit conduct, was introduced in 2012. Apart from Constitutions and laws, Brazilian governments have also carried out certain strategies curbing corruption. The Conselho Da Transparencia, the council for public transparency and the fight against corruption was established in 2003, and the Controladoria-Geral Da Uniao, controlling Federal executive branches through inspections and audit, was also set up that year.

What is more, Brazil has signed and ratified four important international anti-corruption conventions: the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, the United Nations Convention against

(UNCAC), the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption and They are all influential

platforms promoting the cooperation individual states in curbing corruption. And Brazil’bring the country into compliance with the international regulation anti-corruption. It also ratified the Inter-American Convention International Commercial Arbitration, a helping hand for anti-corruption by private sectors.

Brazil is now on the way of changing, and some measures based on current situation for resolution of the problem are:

1. Brazil need and will continue the reformation of the judicial system

in order to keep pace with the changing situation, and we aims to have an independent judicial system; more importantly, to focus on the enforcement and implementation of the law, which remains a critical step in conducting punishment, or those who are found guilty of corruption always act with impunity; 2. Brazil should carry out reform within the political system, as it has redundant branches and agencies. The bureaucratic system is most likely cause corruption within government department and at the same time, lead to corruption by private sectors when they are doing

business;

3. Brazil should and will get involved in international cooperation at a

greater extent to share best practices on curbing corruption and boosting transparency and accountability. As is stressed on the anti-corruption meeting by United Nations Development Programme in Brasilia, November 2012, building strong alliances between governments’ independent anticorruption agencies is a key factor, and there is great probability of cooperation between Brazil and the other three “BRIC” countries;

4. Brazil is in need of a sound surveillance system, and the public and civil

society are significant powers and should be encouraged in monitoring government corruption and exploitation.

pp范文篇二

PP材料概述

PP材料概述:

PP塑料,化学名称:聚丙烯

英文名称olypropylene(简称PP)

比重:0.9-0.91克/立方厘米 成型收缩率:1.0-2.5% 成型温度:160-220℃

PP为结晶型高聚物,常用塑料中PP最轻,密度仅为0.91g/cm3(比水小)。通用塑料中,PP的耐热性最好,其热变形温度为80-100℃,能在沸水中煮。PP有良好的耐应力开裂性,有很高的弯曲疲劳寿命,俗称“百折胶”。PP的综合性能优于PE料。PP产品质轻、韧性好、耐化学性好。PP的缺点:尺寸精度低、刚性不足、耐候性差、易产生“铜害”,它具有后收缩现象,脱模后,易老化、变脆、易变形。

日常生活中,常用的保鲜盒就是由PP材料制成。

成型特性:

1.结晶料,吸湿性小,易发生融体破裂,长期与热金属接触易分解.

2.流动性好,但收缩范围及收缩值大,易发生缩孔.凹痕,变形.

3.冷却速度快,浇注系统及冷却系统应缓慢散热,并注意控制成型温度.料温低温高压时容易取向,模具温度低于50度时,塑件不光滑,易产生熔接不良,流痕,90度以上易发生翘曲变形

4.塑料壁厚须均匀,避免缺胶,尖角,以防应力集中.

PP 的工艺特点

PP在熔融温度下有较好的流动性,成型性能好,PP在加工上有两个特点:其一:PP熔体的粘度随剪切速度的提高而有明显的下降(受温度影响较小);其二:分子取向程度高而呈现较大的收缩率。

PP的加工温度在200-300℃左右较好,它有良好的热稳定性(分解温度为310℃),但高温下(270-300℃),长时间停留在炮筒中会有降解的可能。因PP的粘度随着剪切速度的提高有明显的降低,所以提高注射压力和注射速度会提高其流动性,改善收缩变形和凹陷。模温宜控制在30-50℃范围内。PP熔体能穿越很窄的模具缝隙而出现披锋。PP在熔化过程中,要吸收大量的熔解热(比热较大),产品出模后比较烫。PP料加工时不需干燥,PP的收缩率和结晶度比PE低。

聚丙烯(PP)性能概述与横向比较

PP与其它几种主要的通用塑料的性能比较

塑料种类 PP PE PVC PS ABS

密度 最小 小于水 较大 略高于水 略高于水

{pp范文}.

刚性 较好 差 好 好 好

{pp范文}.

收缩率 一般 差 好 好 好

韧性 低温下差 好 差 差 好

强度 较高 低 较高 高 高

耐热性 好 一般 差 较差 较差

化学稳定性 好 好 好 好 好

耐候性 差 差 一般 一般 较差

毒性 无毒 无毒 可以无毒 无毒 无毒

粘合剂粘合 差 差 好 一般 一般

热合性 一般 好 一般 一般 一般

成型加工性 好 好 麻烦 好 好

1、密度:PP是所有合成树脂中密度最小的,仅为0.90~0.91g/cm3,是PVC密度的60%左右。这意味着用同样重量的原料可以生产出数量更多同体积的产品。

2、力学性能:PP的拉伸强度和刚性都比较好,但冲击强度较差,特别是低温时耐冲击性差。此外,如果制品成型时存在取向或应力,冲击强度也会显著降低。虽然抗冲击强度差,但经过填充或增强等改性后,其机械性能在许多领域可与成本较高的工程塑料相竞争。

3、表面硬度:PP的表面硬度在五类通用塑料中属低等,仅比PE好一些。当结晶度较高时,硬度也相应增加一些,但仍不及PVC、PS、ABS等。

4、热性质:在五大通用塑料中,PP的耐热性是最好的。PP塑料制品可在100℃下长时间工作,在无外力作用时,PP制品被加热至150℃时也不会变形。在使用成核剂改善PP的结晶状态后,其耐热性还可进一步提高,甚至可以用于制作在微波炉中加热食品的器皿。

5、耐应力开裂性:成型制品中残留有应力,或者制品长时间在持续应力下工作,会造成应力开裂现象。有机溶剂和表面活性剂会显著促进应力开裂。因此应力开裂试验均在表面活性剂存在下进行。常用的助剂为烷基芳基聚乙二醇。试验表明PP在表面活性剂浸泡时的耐应力开裂性能和在空气中一样,有良好的抵抗能力,而且PP的熔体流动速率越小(分子量越大),耐应力开裂性越强。

6、化学稳定性:PP的化学稳定性优异,对大多数酸、碱、盐、氧化剂都显惰性。例如在100℃的浓磷酸、盐酸、40%硫酸及其它们的盐类溶液中都是稳定的,只有少数强氧化剂如发烟硫酸等才可能使其出现变化。PP是非极性化合物,对极性溶剂十分稳定,如醇、酚、醛、酮和大多数羧酸都不会使其溶胀,但在部分非极性有机溶剂中容易溶解或溶胀。

7、气密性(气体阻隔性):PP对氧气、二氧化碳和水蒸汽都有一定的透过性,比起尼龙(PA)和聚酯(PET)都有明显差距,对于高阻隔性塑料,如PVDC、EVOH等就差得更多了。但与其它非塑料材料相比其气密性还是相当好的。通过添加阻隔性材料或在表面涂敷阻隔性塑料,可以大大提高其气密性。

8、老化性能:PP分子中存在叔碳原子,在光和热的作用下极易断裂降解。未加稳定剂的PP在150℃下被加热半小时以上,或在阳光充足的地方曝晒12天就会明显变脆。未加稳定剂的PP粉料在室内避光放置4个月也会严重降解,散发出明显的酸味。在PP粉料造粒之前加入0.2%以上的抗氧剂可以有效地防止PP在加工和使用过程中的降解老化。抗氧剂分为游离基链反应终止剂(也称主抗氧剂)和过氧化物分解剂(也称辅抗氧剂)两大类,主、辅两类抗氧剂的合理配合,将会发挥良好的协同效果。目前推荐使用的B215抗氧剂就是主抗氧剂1010(酚类)和辅抗氧剂168(亚磷酸酯)按1:2的比例复配而成的。为防止光老化需要在PP中加入紫外线吸收剂,它可将波长290~400nm的紫外线吸收激化转化为没有破坏性的较长波长的光线。对于埋在土壤中或在室内避光使用的PP塑料制品仅加入主辅抗氧剂即可,无须加入紫外线吸收剂。

9、电性能:PP属于非极性聚合物,具有良好的电绝缘性,且PP吸水性极低,电绝缘性不会受到湿度的影响。PP的介电常数、介质损耗因数都很小,不受频率及温度的影响。PP的介电强度很高,且随温度上升而增大。这些都是在湿、热环境下对电气绝缘材料有利的。另一方面PP的表面电阻很高,在一些场合使用必须先进行抗静电处理。

10、加工性能良好:PP属于结晶型聚合物,不到一定温度其颗粒不会熔融,不像PE或PVC那样在加热过程中随着温度提高而软化。一旦达到某一温度,PP颗粒迅速融化,在几度范围内就可全部转化为熔融状态。PP的熔体粘度比较低,因此成型加工流动性良好,特别是当熔体流动速率较高时熔体粘度更小,适合于大型薄壁制品注塑成型,例如洗衣机内桶。PP在离开口模后,如果是在空气中缓慢冷却,就会生成较大的晶粒,制品透明度低。果是在水中急冷(如下吹水冷法制薄膜),PP的分子运动被急速冷冻,不能生成晶体,此时的薄膜就是完全透明的。PP的成型收缩率是比较大的,达到2%以上,远远大于ABS塑料(0.5%)。PP的成型收缩率可以随着添加其它的材料的种类及多少有所变化,这在制作具有配合尺寸的注塑制品时需认真加以考虑。

PE

中文名: 聚乙烯

英文名: POLYETHYLENE

英文名2:PE

分子式: (C2H4)n

结构式:

分子量:

CAS号: 9002-88-4

RTECS号: TQ3325000

HS编码:

UN编号: 3314,塑料成型化合物

危险货物编号:

IMDG规则页码:

Polyethylene

PE,全名为Polyethylene,是最结构简单的高分子有机化合物,当今世界应用最广泛的高分子材料,由乙烯聚合而成,根据密度的不同分为高密度聚乙烯、中密度聚乙烯和低密度聚乙烯。低密度聚乙烯较软,多用高压聚合;高密度聚乙烯具有刚性、硬度和机械强度大的特性,多用低压聚合。高密度聚乙烯可以做容器、管道,也可以做高频的电绝缘材料,用于雷达和电视。大量使用的常为低密度(高压)聚乙烯。聚乙烯为蜡状,有蜡一样的光滑感,不染色时,低密度聚乙烯透明,而高密度聚乙烯不透明,

聚乙烯是通过乙烯( CH2=CH2 )的加成反应和聚合反应,由重复的–CH2–单元连接而成的高聚合链。聚乙烯的性能取决于它的聚合方式;在中等压力(15-30大气压)有机化合物催化条件下进行Ziegler-Natta聚合而成的是高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)。这种条件下聚合的聚乙烯分子是线性的,且分子链很长,分子量高达几十万。如果是在高压力(100-300MPa),高温(190–210 C),过氧化物催化条件下自由基聚合,生产出的则是低密度聚乙烯(LDPE),它是支化结构的。 聚乙烯不溶于水,吸水性很小,就是对一些化学溶剂,如甲苯、醋酸等,也只有在70℃以上温度时才略有溶解。但是微粒状的聚乙烯,可以在15℃~40℃之间随温度的变化熔化或凝固,温度升高时熔化,吸收热量;温度降低时凝固,放出热量。又因为它吸水量很小,不易潮湿,有绝缘性能,因此是很好的建筑材料。

理化性质

外观与性状: 有韧性的树脂质颗粒或粉末,白色,有蜡味。

主要用途:

熔点:

沸点:

相对密度(水=1):

相对密度(空气=1):

饱和蒸汽压(kPa):

溶解性: 浮在水上,不溶。

临界温度(℃):

临界压力(MPa):

燃烧热(kj/mol):

燃烧爆炸危险性

避免接触的条件:

燃烧性: 可燃

建规火险分级:

闪点(℃): 231℃

自燃温度(℃):

爆炸下限(V%):

爆炸上限(V%):

危险特性: 与强氧化剂接触能引起燃烧和爆炸。与氟、四氟化氙接触剧烈反应。与硝酸、氯化钠、三硝基甲烷不能配伍。

燃烧(分解)产物:

稳定性:

聚合危害:

禁忌物:

灭火方法:

包装与储运

危险性类别:

危险货物包装标志:

包装类别:

储运注意事项: ERG指南:171 ERG指南分类:物质(低至中等危害的)

毒性危害

接触限值:

侵入途径:

毒性:

健康危害: IARC评价:3组,动物证据充分;人类证据不足 急救

皮肤接触: 脱去并隔离被污染的衣服和鞋。确保医务人员了解该物质相关的个体防护知识,注意自身防护。

眼睛接触: 如果皮肤或眼睛接触该物质,应立即用清水冲洗至少20min。

吸入: 移患者至空气新鲜处,就医。如果患者呼吸停止,给予人工呼吸。如果呼吸困难,给予吸氧。

食入:

防护措施

工程控制:

呼吸系统防护:{pp范文}.

眼睛防护:

防护服:{pp范文}.

手防护: 其他: 泄漏处置:

pp范文篇三

PP-summary.pdf

The 6 Central China Normal University Model United Nations. Conference World Economic Forum. th------------------------------------ Position Paper Summary Committee:World Economic Forum

Topic:Internet economy

Young Global Leader:

1、Sachin Bansal(Flipkart.com)( India)

• Establish a Data Protection Agency that will set rules for usage of

anonymous data, define requirements for repurposing of data, set parameters for input from multi-stakeholder community and reporting requirements for business, and establish criteria for cross-border data transfers.

• The governments of the countries should pay attention to the censorship and try to make some foreign websites accessible. Keep a balance between the rural areas and the urban areas in order to

improve the average standard of the Internet economy.

2、Michael Macharia (Seveven Seas Technologies) (Kenya)

• Along with the advance of the times, the enterprise system also has

to reform. And we should focus on the adjustment of product

structure, simplify the organization structure of enterprises and the use of new production organization and management methods.

The 6 Central China Normal University Model United Nations. Conference World Economic Forum. th

3、Michael Acton Smith (Mind Candy)( United Kingdom)

• To appeal people to go shopping online (no matter for tangible or

intangible) more rationally by making advertisement.

To make the transactions online transparent.

To make up the leaks that occur in the process by strengthen the supervision power. • •

4、Evan Spiegel (Snapchat)(the United States)

• Consummating basic network establishments. Only in this way can we

better develop digital economy and make sure that people get the maximum benefit from the Internet.

Applying uniform standards world-wide for convenient management and operation of the Internet to create a healthy and harmonious Internet environment. All countries should cultivate a civilized Internet, and guide their people to use the Internet in a civilized way. We should utilize the Internet to promote cultural diversity, social progress and civilization.

Making our own contributions to the world development. All young business leaders should gather together to strengthen all-round cooperation in various field worldwide to benefit the majority of Internet users and to lead the development of the global digital economy • •

5、Francesca Carlesi (Deutsche Bank )(Italy)

•{pp范文}.

• Enterprises should be combined with the Internet technology and the basis of their own intelligent devices, in order to achieve customized and distributed production. Enterprises should realize seamless docking with the bank's credit risk

The 6 Central China Normal University Model United Nations.

Conference World Economic Forum.

• thcontrol system. Enterprises should be combined with their own actual situation, their own

products, their customers, their own strategy to improve efficiency through the Internet, optimize the cost, channels, after-sales service and other aspects.

At the same time, Deutsche Bank is willing to provide assistance to enterprises and the development of the Internet economy.

Help enterprises to carry out analysis, calculation and forecast. Support the financial needs of the enterprise, to help them expand overseas markets. Provide financial support and a more professional trading structure.

6、Richard Liu(JD.com)(China)

Cooperating with retail corporations to build a larger and more consummate shopping platform. Enhancing the connection with banks, financial institutions and governments to ensure the safety of digital trade. Enhancing the investment to high-tech projects and innovative companies, for its bright future.

7、Ken Endo (Sony .lnc.)(Japan)

1.Encourages fair and healthy competition environment in digital economy.

Industry Leaders

8、Pony Ma (Tencent)(China)

• World Economic Forum. Enrich payment scenarios and invest in initiatives to deepen users’ mobile payment habit on the key platforms. improve mobile privilegesand enriched digital content subscription

services and continue to add premium content for our reading,music and video subscription services on the value added service.

continue investing in premium video content,expanding our mobile advertising inventory and enhancing our performance-based advertising service capabilities on the online advertising.

Enhance human resources development and institutional capacity building through training, experience sharing, knowledge transfer and technical assistance to remove obstacles to the free flow of data.

Create and strengthen the new market supervision system.

Perfect legislation about the cyber-sovereignty to avoid risks of fragmentation .All enterprises and countries should take economic development as its central task under the premise of respecting Internet sovereignty so that it also provides a legal basis to safeguard national economic sovereignty.

Establish and improve mechanisms for technology transfer to developing countries. It is imperative to promote and support development through research and development programs in science and technology, as well as through dissemination and transfer of technologies that meet the actual needs of developing countries. • • • • •

9、 Google Inc:

• Establish an open and shared Internet market,and reduce the access thres hold. Sign cooperation agreement and develop core technology together. Establish an aid agencies to help developing countries to develop Intern et

Economy,which need the engagement of Internet Companies,banks and governments .

World Economic Forum. 10、 Alibaba Group

Considers trust as the most important core of e-commerce as well as the basis of development of Internet-driven economy. Alibaba is trying to build a platform aiming at providing more convenience during trading process for SMEs.

11、 Amazon.com

• In oder to achieve mutual benefit, Amazon would like to strengthen co-

operation with third-party merchants by providing website operation services, warehousing and logistics services.

Meanwhile, more infrastructure will be provided and the market in third countries will continue being highlighted.

In addition, Amazon would like to make effort to innovative technology and business mode, perfect talent cultivating mechanism, making a contribute to the Internet economy.

As to cyber security, Amazon intends to work together with relevant government departments.

At last, Amazon calls for international efforts to overcome difficulties, get the economy growing faster and benefit society. • • • •

12、 Walmart Stores

• Internet safety is a growing concern for both enterprise and client. How to

ensure the security of customer’s private information became an important task. In order to create a secure network environment, we will strengthen cooperation with our government.

13、 Apple:

pp范文篇四

pp 文档

2011年下半年河南高校招聘会时间安排表

(2011-11-08 11:13:12) 转载 标签: 分类: 校园招聘

河南 双选会 2011年 招聘会 郑州大学 杂谈

pp范文篇五

模拟联合国写作指导(PP,WP,DR,SC)

模联会议之立场文件(Position paper)

立场文件是表达某个国家或组织在某个特定议题上的立场概要的文件。它在会议进行前就需要提交,以供代表互相了解立场,更有针对性地准备会议。在会议中,它也可作为代表正式发言的主要的参照材料。

一、 立场文件的内容

一份出色的立场文件应该有理有据、语言精准,并且鲜明、准确、有力地阐述本国针对某一议题的立场。广而言之,立场文件顾名思义,就是阐述本国的立场;具体来讲,一份出色的立场文件需要包含以下方面的内容:

1. 本国在该议题中的基本立场与态度;

2. 本国赞成及签署的与该议题相关的国际协议,本国参与的与该议题相关的国际合作和行动;

3. 本国与该议题的相关程度,对于解决该问题在国内曾经采取过的重要行动、通过的重要法案;

4. 本国对于解决该问题所提出的相关建议(包括国内措施和国际行动);

5. 本国领导人及政要发表的有关该议题的重要讲话;

6. 本国在该议题中的相关利益总结及立场底线总结。

为了进一步说明立场文件中所应包含的具体内容,下面将举一实例,如裁军与国际安全委员会

(Disarmament and International Security Committee)的英国(United Kingdom)代表在写作关于反对恐怖主义的国际合作(International Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism)这一议题的立场文件时,应该包含以下的具体内容:

1. 英国对于恐怖主义问题的态度,对于国际反恐合作的基本立场;

2. 英国赞成和签署的国际反恐合作条约,英国所参与的国际反恐合作行动;

3. 英国国内的恐怖主义活动情况以及英国政府所采取的相关措施、为应对反恐所通过的相关法律;

4. 英国认为国际社会应该如何解决恐怖主义问题,对于国际反恐合作的具体建议;

5. 英国领导人在正式场合所发表的关于国际反恐的发言和基本立场表态;{pp范文}.

6. 国际反恐合作与英国国家利益的相关程度,英国对反恐问题的立场底线。

二、立场文件的结构

一般来讲,立场文件分为四个段落比较合理,分别为基本立场、国际行动、国内行动、解决方案。采取这样的“四段式”文章结构,能够使立场文件观点明确、内容全面、环环相扣、逻辑清楚。

第一段为本国对该议题所持的基本立场和态度的阐述。此段应总启全文、开门见山,明确清晰地表明本国的基本立场——即所讨论的问题与本国的利益关系,以及本国对于此问题所持的明确立场。在后文的论述中,全文应该围绕着本段的观点和立场进行展开陈述。

第二段应简述本国所参与的与议题相关的国际行动。国际行动既包括本国所参加的国与国之间对于解决此问题所采取的共同行动方案,也包括本国赞成、同意、签署的相关国际条约的内容。

例如,澳大利亚代表在写作关于全球气候变暖议题的立场文件时,可以引用相关资料、数据及本国领导人的讲话和政策支持本国的观点,如:“澳大利亚签署并全力支持《联合国气候变化框架公约》(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC)以及《京都议定书》(Kyoto Protocol)的相关规定”。

第三段应阐述本国对于解决该问题所采取的国内行动。在本段中要详细讲述本国国内利益与此议题的相关程度,并且介绍本国应对该问题所曾采取的具体措施、通过的相关法律等。

例如,再次以上面澳大利亚代表写作关于全球气候变暖议题的立场文件为例,澳大利亚代表的立场文件中可以出现以下的内容:“根据澳大利亚国家天气与气候研究中心的数据,自1993年以来,全球变暖正影响地球海平面以每年3毫米或更快的速度增长,海平面上升严重影响力澳大利亚沿海低地,并且对太平洋中的一些岛屿构成了切实的威胁。2006年澳大利亚总理霍华德签署了一项5亿澳元的特别基金,旨在发展本国的清洁能源建设以防止气候变暖为澳大利亚带来的恶劣影响”。{pp范文}.

第四段提出本国认为解决该问题所需要在国内和国际层面采取的具体措施与行动。模拟联合国会议的最终目标是为了解决国际问题,因此各国应该根据本国的立场和全球的利益提出切实可行的解决方案。立场文件中所提出的解决措施应该具体、可行、合理,而不是泛泛而谈。

例如,同样在全球气候变暖问题上,澳大利亚可以在立场文件中提出解决方案:“澳大利亚认为解决全球气候变暖的根本措施在于控制能源消耗及研发清洁能源。在科研方面,各国应该进行实质性的技术交流,共同开发具有可持续性的新能源;在气候治理方面,在遵循《京都议定书》中„共同但有区别的责任‟的同时,澳大利亚敦促发达国家和发展中国家承担更多的二氧化碳减排责任。”

需要注意的是,立场文件没有固定的内容要求,以上只是推荐一种最为常用的写作立场文件的形式。无论形式如何,立场文件的核心都是要完整、清晰、明确地表达出本国在某一特定议题中的立场。此外,立场文件没有必要一定分成四个段落,如果其中某一部分的内容较多,可以分成两个段落来写,每一个段落五至六个句子最佳。以下是一篇立场文件的写作范例:

Delegate: Zhang San, Wang Wu

School: Beijing No.1 Middle School

Country: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Committee: ECOSOC

Topic: International Migration

International Migration has become a world focus, for it has close relationship to many other important issues. On one hand, migration is contributive to global culture and economic communication. On the other, migration touches on numbers of sharp problems, inclusive of human rights, refugees, public education, healthcare, racial and gender discrimination. As a developed country in west Europe, UK is evidently facing the problem of international migration. According to the UK National Bureau of Statistics, the number of migrants in UK is about 5 million, which forms 10% of the nation‟s population. As the former Prime Minister Tony Blare has stated, migrants has become a strong contributive power in UK economy.

The international community has long paid attention to the problem of migration. In 2003, the Global Commission on International Migration was created to study ways that governments and UN agencies can work together to address migration issues. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights is also working on important human rights issue in international migration. There have also been a number of international documents produced which affect the treatment of migrants, such as the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families.

The UK government is always making effort in many aspects to provide better treatment to legal migrants and prevent illegal migration. UK is always working to constitute better social environment for legal migrants. For instance, UK put forward the new bill on migration in March 2006, which includes fine evaluation criteria for migrants and standardizes migration to some extent.

UK affirms its intention of cooperating with other countries on the issue of international migration. UK would like to utilize the power of international legislation to standardize migration. UK would also like to optimize the information-exchange system among countries to provide more efficiency in solving migration issues. Moreover, UK is willing to establish stable cooperation on migration issues with

third-world countries. In details, UK intends to establish express gateways to welcome legal migrants and work with third-world countries on preventing illegal migrants. To sum up, UK is convinced that with the cooperation among countries, international migration will contribute more to the world and cause less trouble.

模联会议之工作文件(Working paper)

作文件是达成基本共识的几个国家在会议进程中共同撰写的文件。它的内容包括针对所讨论议题的基本立场以及解决问题的建议与措施。

简而言之,工作文件就是代表们在会议过程中通过游说与磋商所达成的基本共识的书面表达。工作文件没有固定格式,它可以分条列出,也可以用图表等形式表达,以下为工作文件的写作范例:

WORKING PAPER 1.1

UN Conference on Trade and Development

Generalized System of Preferences

Sponsors: Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador

Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador believe that a GSP should be set up so that lesser-Developed Countries (LDCs) receive preferential treatment from Developed Countries (DCs). To that end we propose:

1. Each DC reduces their tariffs to the lowest level possible. This level will be determined by the below created subcommittee,

2. Bilateral trade agreements should be pursued for further reductions in tariffs.

3. Trade preferences should be granted in the following areas: Agriculture, Manufactures,

Semi-manufactures, Raw materials.

4. Decisions on product coverage by preference giving nations must be made in consultation with the affected LDC. Annual re-evaluation of coverage shall take place with the LDC with disputed going to the below-created subcommittee.

模联会议之决议草案(draft resolution)

决议草案(Draft Resolution)是在一份或多份工作文件的基础上形成的包含对于所讨论议题的实质性解决方案与具体措施的书面提案。在会议中,决议草案的赞成票如果达到或超过全部有效票数的三分之二,即意味着决议草案得到通过而成为了正式的决议。在真正的联合国中,一些决议草案如果得到通过而成为了联合国决议,则意味着它有了法律效力和实际的约束力。因此,决议是一次联合国会议的最终成果,是各国对议题基本达成一致的体现。

在模拟联合国会议中,决议草案在会议指导审核通过后印发全场。在接下来的进程中,代表们要对决议草案进行深入地讨论。当有修改的必要时各国代表可以提出修正案予以修改。当有代表提出动议结束辩论并对决议草案进行投票时,如果此动议得到通过,即结束辩论程序而对决议草案进行唱名表决。如果决议草案的赞成票如果达到或超过全部有效票数的三分之二,即意味着决议草案得到通过而成为了正式的决议。反之,则意味着决议草案未获通过。

决议草案是模拟联合国会议中最重要的文件,决议草案的写作在语言、结构和内容等方面有着严格的要求。模拟联合国中的各位代表在撰写决议草案是应该严格遵守相关的要求和规范。决议草案的条款分为序言性条款(Perambulatory Clauses)和行动性条款(Operative Clauses)两类:

在序言性条款中,每一条款要以动名词形式开头,动名次下加下划线,同时每一条款以逗号结束;在行动性条款中,每一条款要以动词第三人称单数开头,同时该动词应以斜体显示,每一条款以分号结束,最后一个条款以句号结束。

行动性条款是决议草案最重要的部分,决议草案行动性条款的语言也有如下一些特点:首先,每一条款都表达一个单独且完整的意思;其次,每一条款以动词第三人称单数开头,条款的主语是该委员会,如联合国安全理事会(UNSC);再次,决议草案行动性条款的句型主要有两种,一种是“动词第三人称单数形式+由that引导的宾语从句”,另一种是“动词第三人称单数形式+国家+to do(动词不定式)”。

决议草案通常由一个或几个国家起草,并需要经过一定数量其他国家的签字认可,才可提交大会进行讨论。针对同一个议题,可以有由不同国家或国家集团提出的观点和立场不同的多份决议草案,最终采用全体投票的方式决定哪份决议草案最终成为决议,一份决议草案须在得到大会全体成员国2/3多数同意后方可通过。以下为一篇决议草案范例:

DRAFT RESOLUTION 1.1

General Assembly

Report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country

Sponsors: Argentina, Germany, Japan, South Africa, United States of America

Signatories: Azerbaijan, Brazil, Bangladesh, Barbados, Croatia, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Jamaica, Zimbabwe, etc.

The General Assembly, of the United Nations, the agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations and the responsibility of the host country, December 1971, the Committee should consider, and advise the host country on, issues arising in

connection with the implementation of the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations, country, in particular to prevent any acts violating the security of missions and the safety of their personnel,

1. Endorsesthe recommendations and conclusions of the Committee on Relations with the Host

Country contained in paragraph 86 of its report;

2. Requeststhe host country to consider removing the remaining travel restrictions, notes that

during the reporting period some travel restrictions previously imposed by the host country on staff of certain missions and staff members of the Secretariat of certain nationalities were

removed, and, in this regard, notes the positions of affected;

3. States as reflected in the report of the Committee, of the Secretary General and of the host

country;

(中文范文):

决议草案1.1

联合国安全理事会

朝鲜核问题

起草国:英国、美国`

附议国:中国、法国、俄罗斯

安全理事会,

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