apa英文范文

apa英文范文篇一

APA格式模板

APA格式第五版

在撰写学位论文或研究报告时，必须遵守一定的学术性的写作格式。在教育方面，国内外学者在撰写文章时，绝大多数以APA格式及Chicago格式为圭臬。本文仅介绍APA格式，对于Chicago格式有兴趣的读者，可自行参阅该手册﹕University of Chicago Press. (1993). The Chicago manual of style (14th ed.). Chicago: Author.

所谓APA格式是指美国心理学会 (American Psychological Association) 所出版的出版手册 (Publication Manual) 中，有关投稿该学会旗下所属二十七种期刊时必须遵守的规定而言。该手册详细规定文稿的架构、文字、图表、数字、符号…等的格式，通称为APA格式（APA style），相关领域的期刊、大学报告、学位论文也常参考其格式，做为要求投稿者及研究生之依据。

APA出版手册自1944年出版以来，经过1974年的二版，1983年的三版，1994年的第四版，于2001年7月发行第五版。

APA出版手册把参考文献分为 (1) 期刊、杂志、新闻文章、摘要资料，(2) 书籍、手册、书的一章，(3) 专门或研究报告，(4) 会议专刊或专题研讨会论文，(5) 学位论文，(6) 其他未出版之着作或不普遍之出版物，(7) 评论，(8) 视听媒体资料，

(9) 电子媒体资料，(10) 法令等十类，每一类文献的格式都不一样，其重要者条列及举例说明如下。

(一) 期刊、杂志、新闻、摘要文献﹕

1. 中文期刊格式A﹕

作者 (年代)。文章名称。期刊名称，期别，页别。

例 如：沈姗姗（1996）。教育选择与控制理念的另类思考。教育资料

与研究，4，14-15。

2. 中文期刊格式B： （作者超过6人）

作者等人（年代）。文章名称。期刊名称，期别，页别。

例 如：林天祐、虞志长、张志毓、余瑞阳、邱春糖、杨士贤等人（1996）。

教育政策执行及制订过程之分析。初等教育学刊，5，1-40。

3. 中文期刊格式C﹕（文章已获同意刊登，但尚未出版）

作者 (印制中)。文章名称。期刊名称。

例 如：吴清山、林天祐（印制中）。教学领导。教育资料与研究。

4. 英文期刊格式A﹕

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1999). Title of article. Title of

Periodical, xx(xx), xxx-xxx.

例 如：Powers, J. M., & Cookson, P. W. Jr. (1999). The politics of

school choice research. Educational Policy, 13(1), 104-122.

5. 英文期刊格式B﹕（作者超过6人）

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E.,

Author, F. F., et al. (2000). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx(xx), xxx-xxx.

例 如：Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N. Tein, J., Coatsworth, D.,

Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of

theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children

of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68,

843-856.

6.英文期刊格式C﹕（文章已获同意刊登，但尚未出版）

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (in press). Title of article. Title of

Periodical.

例 如：Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in

face-ism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

7.中文杂志格式﹕

作者（年月日）。文章名称。杂志名称，期别，页别。

例 如：王力行（2001年2月20日）。落在世界队伍的后面？远见杂志，

6，14-16。

8.英文杂志格式﹕

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2000, November 10). Article title. Magazine

Title, xxx, xx-xx.

例 如：Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience:

Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and

mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.

9.中文报纸格式A﹕

记者或作者（年月日）。文章名称。报纸名称，版别。

例 如：陈扬盛（2001年2月20日）。基本学力测验考虑加考国三下课 程。台湾立报，第6版。

10.中文报纸格式B﹕（无作者、用【】符号标示文章性质）

文章名称（年月日）。报纸名称，版别。

例 如：推动知识经济发展须脚踏实地【社论】（2000年9月5日）。 中国时报，第2版。

11.英文报纸格式A﹕

Author, A. A. (1993, September 30). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp. xx-xx. 例 如：Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

12.英文报纸格式B﹕(无作者)

Article title. (1993, July 15). Newspaper Title, p. xx.

例 如：New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

13.英文摘要资料格式A：

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1999). Title of article [Abstract].

Title of Periodical, xx(xx), xxx-xxx.

例 如：Woolf, N. J. Young, S. L., Fanselow, M. S., & Butcher, L. L. (1991).

Map-2 expression in cholinoceptive pyramid cells of rodent

cortex and hippocampus is altered by Pavlovian conditioning

[Abstract]. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 480.

14.英文摘要资料格式B：(二手资料)

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1999). Title of article Title of

Periodical, xx(xx), xxx-xxx. Abstract obtained from Secondary Source. 例 如：Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., & Homma, A. (1992). Cognitive

functions of centenarians: The Tokyo Metropolitan

Centenarian Study. Japanese Journal of developmental

Psychology, 3, 9-16. Abstract obtained from PsycSCAN:

Neuro-psychology, 1993, 2, Abstract No. 604.

(二)书籍、手册、书的一章﹕

1. 中文书籍格式A﹕

作者（年代）。书名。出版地点﹕出版商。

例 如：林文达（1992）。教育行政学。台北市：三民。

2. 中文书籍格式B﹕（注明版别）

作者（年代）。书名（版别）。出版地点﹕出版商。

例 如：吴明清（2000）。教育研究－基本观念与方法分析（3版）。 台

北市：五南。

3. 中文书籍格式C﹕（作者为政府单位，政府出版）

单位（年代）。书名（编号）。出版地点﹕作者。

例 如：教育部（2000）。中华民国教育统计（编号：006154890170）。

台北市：作者。

4.中文书籍格式D﹕（无作者或无编辑者）

书名（年代）。出版地点﹕出版商。

例 如：（略）

5.英文书籍格式A﹕

Author, A. A. (1993). Book title. Location: Publisher.

例 如：Barnard, C. I. (1971). The functions of the executive. Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press.

6.英文书籍格式B﹕（注明版别）

Author, A. A. (1993). Book title. (2nd ed.). Location: Publisher.

例 如：Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research

(2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

7.英文书籍格式C﹕（作者为政府单位，政府出版）

Institute. (1991). Book title. (No. xxx). Location: Author.

例 如：Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident

population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New

South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian

Capital Territory: Author.

8.英文书籍格式D﹕（无作者或无编辑者）

Book title. (1993). Location: Publisher.

例 如：Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993).

Spring-field, MA: Merriam-Webster.

9.中文书文集格式﹕（多位作者，并有主编）

作者（主编）（年代）。书名。出版地点﹕出版商。

例 如：吴清山（主编）（1996）。有效能的学校。台北市：国立教育资

料馆。

10.英文书文集格式A﹕（多位作者，并有主编）

Author, A. A. (Ed.). (1991). Book title. Location: Publisher.

例 如：Gibbs, T. J. (Ed). (1991). Children of color. San Francisco:

Jossey-Bass.

11.英文书文集格式B﹕(主编二位以上)

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Eds.). (1991). Book title. Location: Publisher. 例 如：Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color:

Psychological interventions with minority youth. San

Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

12.中文百科全书或辞书格式﹕

作者 (主编) (年代)。书名 (第4版，第5册)。出版地点﹕出版商。

例 如：黄永松等人（主编）（1985）。汉声小百科（第4版，第5册）。

台北市：英文汉声。

13.英文百科全书或辞书格式﹕

Author, A. A. (Ed.).(1980). Title (6th ed., Vols. 1-20 ). Location: Publisher. 例 如：Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and

musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillian.

14.中文翻译书格式A：（有原作者出版年代）

译者（译）（译本出版年代）。书名（原作者：M. H. McCormack）。译本出

版地点：译本出版商。（原着出版年：1996）

例 如：吴美丽（译）（1998）。管理其实很Easy（原作者：M. H.

McCormack）。台北市：天下文化。（原着出版年：1996）

15.中文翻译书格式B：（无原着出版年代）

译者（译）（译本出版年代）。书名（原作者：R. G. Owens）。译本出版地

点：译本出版商。

例 如：林明地、杨振升、江芳盛（译）（2000）。教育组织行为（原作

者：R. G. Owens）。台北市：扬智文化。

16.英文翻译书格式﹕（注明翻译者及原着出版年）

Author, A. A. (1951). Book title (B. Author, Trans.). Location: Publisher.

(Original work published 1814)

例 如：Llaplce, P. –S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F.

W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover.

(Original work published 1814)

17.中文书文集文章格式A﹕（文集中的一篇文章，注明页码）

作者（年代）。篇名。载于编者（主编），书名（页码）。地点：出版商。 例 如：锺才元（2001）。生涯规划：新手老师的就业准备与甄试须知。

载于黄政杰、张芬芬（主编），学为良师—在教育实习中

成长（425-457页）。台北市：师大书苑。

18.英文书文集文章格式A﹕（文集中的一篇文章，注明页码）

Author, A. A. (1993). Article title. In B. B. Author (Ed.), Book title (pp. xx-xx).

Location: Publisher.

例 如：Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism

in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik

(Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330).

Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

(三)专门及研究报告﹕

1.中文报告格式A﹕（国科会研究报告，未出版）

作者 (年代)。报告名称。行政院国家科学委员会专题研究成果报告（编号﹕

xx），未出版。

例 如：吴清山、林天祐、黄三吉（2000）。国民中小学教师专业能力

的评鉴与教师遴选之研究。行政院国家科学委员会专题研

究成果报告（报告编号：NSC88-2418-H-133-001-F19），未

出版。

2.中文报告格式B：（教育部委托之研究报告，已出版）

作者（年代）。报告名称。教育部委托之专题研究成果报告（编号﹕xx）。

apa英文范文篇二

英文APA格式参考

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) FORMAT

(5th Edition)

This crib sheet is a guide to the APA style and is not intended to replace the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Only selected

examples were chosen for inclusion here. For other examples, see the printed Manual. When using the APA format it is important to remember that the intent of the

Publication Manual is to assist the editorial staff of APA journals in typesetting. This crib sheet it intended for use for students writing term papers. Therefore according to APA, you may relax the APA's rules in some cases to make it more readable. Students should find out whether their instructor has rules that take precedence over those of the Publication Manual.

Journal Article, One Author

Simon, A. (2000). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. Memory &

Cognition, 23, 635-647.

Journal Article, Two Authors

Becker, M. B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social

Issues, 32, 230-343.

Magazine Article, one author

Garner, H. J. (1997, July). Do babies have a universal song? Psychology Today, 102,

70-77.

Newspaper Article, No Author

Study finds free care used more. (1982, April 3). Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A25.

Book, Two Authors

Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York:

Macmillan.

Edited Book

Letheridge, S., & Cannon, C. R. (Eds.). (1980). Bilingual education. New York:

Praeger.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Sheets, B. (2006). The cost of lingering arm injuries. In B. Selig,. & W. Selig (Eds.), A

compilation of long stories (pp. 211-234). Milwaukee, WI: MB Press.

ERIC（Education Resources Information Center）Document

Peterson, K. (2002). Welfare-to-work programs: Strategies for success (Report No.

EDO-JC-02-04). Washington D.C.: Office of Educational Research and

Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED467985)

Entry in an Encyclopedia{apa英文范文}.

Imago. (2000). In World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 10, p. 79). Chicago: World Book

Encyclopedia.{apa英文范文}.{apa英文范文}.

Report from a Private Organization

Kimberly-Clark. (2002). Kimberly-Clark (Annual Report). Dallas, TX: Author.

Brochure

Minnesota Coconut Growers Association. (2008). Growing coconuts for fun and profit

[Brochure]. Crookston, MN: Author.{apa英文范文}.

Dissertation

Olsen, G. W. (1985). Campus child care within the public supported post-secondary

educational institutions in the state of Wisconsin (dare care) (Doctoral

dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1985). Dissertations Abstracts International, 47/03, 783.

Videotape

Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis.

(Motion picture). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Citation of a Work Discussed in a Secondary Source

To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in the

References list only the source that you actually used. For example, suppose you read Fielder (2008) and would like to paraphrase the following sentence within that article: Braun (2008) defined bat speed as "the ability to catch up to a baseball with a moving bat" (p. 11).

In this case, your in-text citation would be "(Braun, 2008, as cited in Fielder, 2008)." Fielder (2008) would be fully referenced within the list of References.

Electronic Formats

Internet Article Based on Print Source

The citation is done as if it were a paper article and then followed by a retrieval statement that identifies the date retrieved and source.

Sahelian, R. (1999, January). Achoo! Better Nutrition, 61, 24. Retrieved September 17, 2001, from Academic Index.

Web Page with Private Organization as Author

Midwest League. (2003). Pitching, individual records. Retrieved October 1, 2003, from /indivpitching.html

Chapter or Section in an Internet Document

Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach handbook. In Joe soccer. Retrieved September 17, 2004, from /menu.html

Web page, Government Author

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat restoration areas. Retrieved September 18, 2001, from

Company Information from Aggregated Database

Ripon Pickle Company Inc. (company profile). (2003). Retrieved September 18, 2002, from Business and Company Resource Center.

Ingersoll-Rand Company Limited (company profile). (2004). In Hoovers. Retrieved April 29, 2004, from Lexis-Nexis.

Personal Communications

Personal communications may be things such as email messages, interviews, speeches, and telephone conversations. Because the information is not retrievable they should not appear in the reference list. They should look as follows: Example: J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20, 2000) indicated that .… or In a recent

interview (J. Burnitz, personal communication, September 20, 2000) I learned that ….

Reference Citations in Text

To refer to an item in the list of references from the text, an author-date method should be used. That is, use the surname of the author (without suffixes) and the year of the publication in the text at appropriate points.

Example: Researchers have indicated that more is expected of students in higher education (Hudson, 2001) and secondary education (Taylor & Hornung, 2002). Issac (2001) indicated in his research..

In a recent study, research indicates (Isaac, 2001)

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs. For works with three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by et al.

Cite in text the first few words of what appears first for the entry on the list (usually the title) and the year.

(Yount & Molitor, 1982, p. 19){apa英文范文}.

(Cooper, 1983, chap. 4)

(“New Student Center,” 2002)

Introduction to parenthetical citations

This section provides guidelines on how to use parenthetical citations to cite original sources in the text of your paper. These guidelines will help you learn the essential information needed in parenthetical citations, and teach you how to format them correctly.

Parenthetical citations are citations to original sources that appear in the text of your paper. This allows the reader to see immediately where your information comes from, and it saves you the trouble of having to make footnotes or endnotes.

The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be included in in-text citations. The author's last name and the work's date of publication must always appear, and these items must match exactly the corresponding entry in the references list. The third kind of information, the page number, appears only in a citation to a direct quotation.

Where to place parenthetical citations

You have three options for placing citations in relation to your text: Option Description Sample Citation

1. Idea-focused Place the author(s) and

date(s) in parentheses

at an appropriate place

in or at the end of a

sentence Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000).

Fisher (1999) recommended that

health education be required for high

school graduation in California. 2. Researcher-focused Place only the date in parentheses

3. Chronology-focused Integrate both the author and date into

your sentence In 2001, Weist proposed using the Child and Adolescent Planning Schema to analyze and develop

community mental health programs for

young people.

Additional Guidelines

Place citations in sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear which material has come from which sources.

 Use pronouns and transitions to help you indicate whether

several sentences contain material from the same source or from different sources. 

Symthe (1990) found that positioning influences ventilation. In his study of 20 ICU patients, he used

two methods to. . . . However, his findings did not support the work of Karcher (1987) and Atley

(1989) who used much larger samples to

demonstrate that . . .

Cite source with one or two authors

The following table gives some examples of how to cite sources with one or two authors.

When you have . . . Here's what you do: Sample Citation

apa英文范文篇三

APA格式reference_写法

一. Reference的三种类型: 从书上引用,从杂志里的文章中引用,从网站引用 1, 从书上引用的ref,格式:

作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).出版社地址: 出版社名 Example:

Davidson, M. and Cooper, C. (1992). Shattering The Glass Ceiling: The Woman Manger. London: Paul Chapman. 2, 从杂志里的文章中引用的ref,格式:

作者名字.年代.文章名. 杂志名(斜体): 第几期, 页数

Example:

Pringle, J. (2004). Women Senior Managers: Successful Individuals Or Markers Of

Collective Change. Women’s Studies Journal

3,从网站引用的ref, 格式

作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).Retrieved on年月日. from:网站

Example: Adler, M. (2005). Women's Employment Concentrated In Service Industries. Retrieved on 20th

September, 2005 from:

: 网站另起一行)

二, reference 的注意事项:

1, 如果 reference有两行或两行以上, 从第二行起,向内缩进五到七个字符 Example:

Rosener, J. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Utilizing women as a management strategy.

USA: Oxford University Press.

2, reference与reference中间要隔一行

3文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外

4,文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应

5, reference做完以后,以作者的首字为准,按字母顺序进行排列

6,一般情况下,1000字,四个reference.

这里需要强调一点：

国外治学严谨，reference一定要做好！！

我们的作业严禁直接抄书或从网上直接复制粘贴 (这在国外被界定为抄袭)

国外的学校有强大的数据库，抄袭的地方，数据库一搜就发现了

一旦发现抄袭，

客户轻则挂科，重则拿不到学位，诚信记录还要被写上一笔

同时写手不但拿不到稿费，而且还要双倍赔款，终止合作

所以在成为我们的写手之前

我要把抄袭的问题先说清楚

这也是我们这一行的行规

你可以翻译中文

也可以用自己的话把句子转述一遍

但是直接引用和一个句子只改2、3个单词是一样会被判抄袭的！

To develop a community profile (社区分布）for one Australian Local Government Area (LGA) of your choice, (excluding the City of Boroondara) using data from the 2001 and 2006 Census available from the ABS website. The focus of the demographic profile will be to describe up to three cultural characteristics of the population within your chosen LGA, and look at changes that have occurred from 2001 to 2006.

Examples of cultural characteristics are ancestry, birthplace, language spoken, year of arrival in Australia, religious affiliation, English proficiency, and indigenous status. You are expected to synthesise (综合）the information available, not just replicate （折叠，复制） the tables that you can download. For example, you may choose to group a Census table detailing individual birthplaces into categories, and then show the proportional distribution - not just the number by birthplace; or from Year of Arrival in Australia you may derive the number of years living in Australia. In other words, you are required to analyse and summarise the information you find into your own summary tables and charts. In your demographic profile you should include summary tables, charts and commentary to support the graphs and tables. You should make use of data from both the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census (e.g. using a combination QuickStats, MapStats and Census Tables.

制定一个社会形象之一澳大利亚地方政府区（儿）您的选择， （不包括城市Boroondara ）使用数据从2001年和2006年人口普查可从澳大利亚统计局的网站上。重点人口的个人资料将被描述三个文化特色的人口与您所选择的客房，并期待在发生的变化2001年至2006年。

实例文化特色的血统，出生地，语言，一年的到来在澳大利亚，宗教信仰，英语

水平，和土著人的地位。

您预计合成提供的资料，而不只是复制的表格，您可以下载。例如，您可以选择A组的普查表，详细个人出生地分为几类，然后显示比例分配-不仅是数量的诞生地;或年在澳大利亚到达您可能会获得数年生活在澳大利亚。换句话说，您需要进行分析和总结的资料您发现到您自己的总结和图表。在您的人口状况你应该包括汇总表，图表和评论，以支持图表。您应该使用的数据从2001年人口普查和2006年人口普查（例如使用相结合QuickStats ， MapStats和普查表。 In your report

Your report should be structured to include the following:

• A brief description of the LGA.

• An overview of the information you are presenting in your community profile.

• Your findings.

• Summary and conclusions.

Agbetoye, O. and A. Oyedele, (2005). Development and Testing of a Dual Grain Sifter. Proceeding of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers, NIAE/2005/192, 192-193.

Aulich, C. (1999), From convergence to divergence: reforming Australian local government, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 58 (2):12-23.

Bangura, Y.(2006). Introduction: Ethnic Inequalities and Public Sector Governance in Y. Bangura ed. Ethnic Inequalities and Public Sector Governance, Basingstoke, HA: Palgrave Macmillan, 1-28.

Census Data (2006). Australian Bureau of Statistics. From .

Census Data (2001). Australian Bureau of Statistics. From .

Fanthorpe, R. (2006). On the limits of limit peace: Chiefs and democratic decentralization in post-war Sierra Leone, African Affairs, 105(418):27-50.

Mustapha, A. R. (2000). Transformation of Minority Identityies in Post-Colonial Nigeria in A. Jega ed. Identity Transformation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute and Centre for Research and Documentation, 94-119.

Mustapha, A.R. and E. L. Jones (2003). Change, Chieftaincy and Conflict in Three West African Communities. O. Vaughan ed. Tradition and Politics: Indigenous Political Structures and Governance in Africa, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

Obasanjo, O. (2003). Address presented to the Inauguration of The Technical Committee on the Review of the Structure of Local Government Councils in Abuja, June 25, 2003, accessed at .

Patterson, A. and Pinch, P. (2000), Public sector restructuring and regional development: the impact of compulsory competitive tendering in the UK, Regional Studies, 34 (3):265-267.

Premdas, R.R. (2006). Ethnic Conflict, Inequality and Public Sector Governance in Trinidad and Tobago. Y. Bangura ed. Ethnic Inequalities and Public Sector Governance, Basingstoke, HA: Palgrave Macmillan, 98-119.

R.M. Davies, M.O. Olatunji, W. Burubai. (2008). Mechanization of Cassava Processing in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(3):341-345.

Sklar, R. L. (2004) “Foundations of Federal Government in Nigeria” in A. Agbaje, L. Diamond and E. Onwudiwe (eds.) Nigeria’s Struggle for Democracy and Good Governance: A Festscrift for Oyeleye Oyediran, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 3-17.

Sklar, R.L., E. Onwudiwe and K. Darren. (2006). Nigeria: Completing Obasanjo’s Legacy, Journal of Democracy,17(3):100-115.

Ukoha Ukiwo. (2006). Creation of Local Government Areas and Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria: The case of Warri, Delta State. CRISE West Africa Workshop, 3.

Vickers, M. (2000). Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Nigeria: Movement for a Mid-West State, Oxford: Worldview Publishing.

apa英文范文篇四

APA英文学术论文格式规范

APA英文学术论文格式规范：

论文应被打印出来，隔行打字。使用标准纸张（8.5*11英寸），四边的页边都留1英寸。使用容易被阅读的清晰字体。APA推荐12字号的Times New Roman字体。每页应有页眉，右对齐写页码，然后用全部大写的方式打下论文的标题。页眉是你论文的短版本，包括空格和标点符号在内，不能超过50个单词。

论文应包括四个主要部分：书名页，论文摘要，正文和引用

书名页应包含论文的标题，作者的名字，（学术）单位名称。书名页的页眉需左对齐写Running head: TITLE OF THE PAPER, 右对齐写页码。在页面的上半部分用每个单词首字母大写的方式打下标题。标题长度不超过12个单词，且其中不应该包含缩写或者无意义的词。标题可以有一到两行。书名页的所有文本，实际上是整篇论文中的文本，都需要隔行打。在标题下面是作者的名字，先名再姓，中间名用首字母代替，不要用职衔，如博士等。在作者名字下面，是（学术）单位名称，要能显示作者做出此学术研究的地点。

论文摘要需要另起一页，需要页眉。第一行要写Abstract，不用加粗/斜体/下划线/引号。另起一行给这个研究的几个关键点写一个简要总结，不用首行缩进。摘要至少要包含研究题目，研究问题，参与者，方法，结果，数据分析和结论。也可以包含这个研究可能带来的影响和有可能与此研究发现相关的future work。论文摘要应只有一段，而且隔行打，词数载150到200之间。如要列出论文的关键词，另起一段缩进，使用斜体，列出关键词。

apa英文范文篇五

英文注释MLA和APA格式

Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。

APA格式简介

一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。 正式来说，APA格式指的就是美国心理学会（American Psychological Association）出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第五版（ISBN 1-55798-791-2），总页数超过400页，而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在《心理学期刊（Psychological Bulletin）》。

MLA和APA格式

参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）或者APA（the American Psychological Association），一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA，偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。

3.2 参考文献著录的格式

参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited，在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册，本节仅提供部分著录实例，供参考。

3.2.1 著录已出版的文章

一位作者写的文章

MLA：

Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.

APA：

Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.

注意：（1）在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。（2）在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。（3）在APA规范里期刊的卷数（即“28”）应用斜体表示。（4）按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。

两位作者写的文章

MLA：

Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): 310-21.

APA：

Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-305.

两位以上的作者写的文章

MLA：

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA：

Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.

无论用MLA 还是APA，第一作者以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字或者名字的首字母，但是从第二作者开始，在MLA规范里以名字开始，继以姓氏，而在APA规范里以姓氏开始（加上逗号），继以名字的首字母。

如果作者人数超过三人，也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字，加上et al.（拉丁文 “and others”），如：

MLA：

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA：

Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.

书评、影评、电视节目评论等（Review）

MLA：

Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 32-39.

APA：

Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66, 558-562.

收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited book）

MLA：

Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.

APA：

Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman.

注意：（1）“Ed.”代表“编”。（2）在MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称，在APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。

杂志中的文章

MLA：

Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: 29-32.

APA：

Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, pp. 58-67.

注意：著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。

报纸中的文章

MLA：

“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.

APA：

Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, p. D2.

百科全书中的文章（An entry in an encyclopedia）

MLA:

Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.

APA：

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

政府文件（A government publication）

MLA：

United States. Natl. Council on Disability. Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington: GPO, 2000.

APA：

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

3.2.2 著录已出版的书籍

一位作者写的书籍

MLA：

Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.