abstract范文

abstract范文篇一

Abstract的格式要求

Abstract

Working as an indispensable and natural part of language, euphemism has long been arousing wide interest. Researches made by linguists and scholars cover different angles, including linguistics, pragmatics, and inter-cultural study and so on. However, traditional researches on euphemism mostly focused on the linguistic characteristics, seldom on the pragmatic motivation, and rarely on the application in specific fields. For this reason, the paper attempts to discuss the application of euphemism in English teaching guided by some pragmatic principles.

Based on the study of definition, origin and development and classification of euphemism, the paper analyzes the pragmatic principles and functions underlying the use of euphemism. Since euphemism plays an active role in facilitating the second language teaching, the paper lays an emphasis on the study of application of euphemism in English language teaching. It explores the accessibility and the significance of introducing euphemism into English teaching, and puts forward some tentative strategies for teachers to help students grasp this language phenomenon, thus improving their basic linguistic competence and communicative competence. Some methods, such as questionnaire, comparison, are used in this paper to impartially reflect and tackle some teaching problems.

As we all know, successful communication is the most fundamental function of all languages. Euphemisms ensure us a smooth interaction with others since this way of expression takes others’ “face want” into consideration and puts “politeness” in the first place. And the paper attempts to call people’s attention to the importance of euphemism in our daily communication. Taking into account the background of China whose mainstream are quality-oriented education and globalization, it is practical and meaningful to introduce euphemisms into English language teaching.

Key Words: euphemism; English teaching; application

摘 要

长久以来，委婉语作为语言中必不可少的组成部分，一直受到语言学家和学者的广泛关注。语言学者们从语言学，语用学及跨文化等多个角度对其进行了研究。传统的委婉语研究多注重其语言本身的特点，而较少探讨其背后所隐藏的语用动因，对其在具体领域的应用研究则更为鲜见。基于语言学者们的成就，本文意在探讨在语用原则支配下委婉语在英语教学中的应用。

本文开篇从委婉语的基本概念，起源和发展，及其分类入手，探讨了委婉语的语用原则和动因。由于委婉语在语言教学中起着极大的促进作用，本文将重点论述委婉语在英语教学中的应用，分析将其引入课堂的可行性，探寻在英语教学中应用委婉语的重要意义，并提出一些可行的教学策略来引导学生掌握这一语言现象，在提高学生基本语言知识能力的基础上，进一步提高他们的跨文化交际能力。此外，作者在文章中使用了问卷调查，对比等方法来更客观的反映和解决教学中存在的一些问题。

众所周知，语言存在的意义在于实际交流。由于委婉语总是将“礼貌”及“面子”放在第一位，从而使得成功的交际成为可能。本文旨在让人们认识到委婉语在日常交际中的作用，特别是在以素质教育及全球化为背景的中国，将委婉语引入英语教学既是有意义的，又是可行的。

关键词：委婉语；英语教学；应用

Abstract

Food, an essential perquisite for existence, plays an irreplaceable role in the development of society and in the progress of human beings, whether in ancient times or in modern times, and whether in the East or in the West. The Chinese cuisine culture, which is profound and well established, has a long history and enjoys a very high reputation in the whole world. As a thread going through the long history of Chinese cuisine culture, Chinese dish names not only reflect the variety of ingredients, cookeries, inventors, original places, but also contain many cultural elements such as the colors, aromas, tastes, and appearances of the dishes. Yet it is not difficult to find out that the most serious mistakes in menu interpreting and translating are usually not the result of verbal inadequacy, but of wrong cultural assumptions.

Therefore, this paper tries to focus on the systemic research of Chinese menu translation from the perspective of cross-cultural. The paper sums up the impacts of cultural barriers on Chinese menu translation based on the given theory of culture and translation, and then puts forward specific translation strategies. All in all, studying the Chinese menu translation from the perspective of cultural differences to make the translation more accurate and elegant plays a significant role in promoting the interaction among peoples of different nations, especially the communication of culture.{abstract范文}.

Key Words: cultural translation theory; cultural difference; Chinese menu

摘要

无论是在古代还是现代，东方还是西方，饮食，作为人类生存的必要前提，在人类社会发展和文明进步中起着无可替代的作用。中国饮食文化博大精深，源远流长，在世界上久享盛誉。菜谱中林林总总的中式菜名，作为贯穿中国饮食文化历史的主线索，不仅反映了菜品的制作原料，烹制方法，创始人及发源地，而且还传递了菜肴的色，香，味，形。然而，不难看出目前中式菜谱翻译难点和误区，往往不是由于词语选择的缺陷，而是归结于错误的文化背景的假设。

本文将重点放在从文化差异角度对中式菜谱的英译做系统的研究。基于文化翻译的相关理论，本文较为全面的总结了文化障碍对中式菜谱翻译的影响，并在此基础之上提出了中式菜谱英译需遵循的翻译方法。总而言之，从文化差异角度对中式菜谱进行翻译研究使菜名翻译更为准确。优美的译文，对于传递中国文化，促进不同国家的人民之间的交流有着十分重要的意义。

关键词：文化翻译理论; 文化差异; 中式菜谱

Purpose of the study:

The purpose of this paper is …

The primary goal of this research is…

The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of …

The overall objective of this study is …

Methods of the study

The method used in our study is known as …

The technique we applied is referred to as …

This research has recorded valuable data using the newly developed method of … The test equipment which was used consisted of …

A number of experiments were performed to check …

Findings/Results of the study

The results of the experiments indicate that …

The results show (or suggest) that …

Concluding sentences

From our experiment (s), the author concluded that

Our work involving … proves to be encouraging.

Components

TS（Topic Specification）主题阐述

BI （Background information）背景信息

PS（Purpose Statement）目的陈述

MD（Methodology and Data）方法论和语料

RF（Results and Findings） 研究结果和发现

IC （Implication/ Conclusions）研究所带来的启示和结论

Abstract 1

TS (s1,2) 对研究领域下定义，指出该领域研究目的

BI (s 3,4,5) 有关事件本身：时间地点、布什行为、《纽约时报》行为

PS (s6) “This paper tries„”, “focusing on”

MD (s6) “Bushes remarks” 布什语料，“critical perspective”批评性视角 RF IC 略 Abstract 1

(1) Critical discourse analysis is an important way of interpreting rather than just describing the linguistic structure of texts. (2)It aims to reveal the relationship between language and ideology. (3) One of the great events that happened in the year 2001 was that the USA was attacked on September 11. (4) Right after the attack, President George Bush Delivered a speech to the nation. (5) The New York Times reported his address on Sep, 12. (6)This paper tries to analyze Bush’s remarks from a critical perspective, focusing on revealing the hidden ideology of the American government.

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abstract范文篇二

Abstract 示例

摘 要

文化负载词是指承储特定文化内涵的词、词组和习语，文化负载词反映了特定民族的历史文化和心理特征。然而，由于不同国家之间不同的语言习惯、历史背景、传统习俗，在翻译文化负载词时，译者很难找到完全对等的表达。本文通过对伟大翻译家林语堂先生的著作《吾国吾民》中文化负载词的归类以及翻译策略的分析，旨在探讨对文化负载词有效的翻译策略,以期给译者带来一些启示。 本文特别指出在当今全球化语境下，异化作为有效的保留源语文化特色的策略，应当占主体地位。

关键词： 文化负载词；异化；归化；吾国吾民

Abstract

Loaded Words are the words, phrases and idioms that contain specific cultural connotation. Culture-loaded words reflect a nation’s specific historical culture and psychological characteristics. Whereas, due to different language habits, historic

background, and traditional customs, it is difficult for translators to achieve absolute linguistic and cultural equivalence when translating culture-loaded words. The paper analyzes the effective translation strategies of the great translator Lin Yutang in translating My Country and My People by means of classifying culture-loaded words. It aims to explore effective strategies in translating culture-loaded words and draw enlightenment for translators. The paper highlights that foreignization, as an effective strategy for the preservation of source language characteristics, should be in the dominant position in translation in the context of globalization.

Key words： Culture-loaded words; Foreignization; Domestication; My Country and My people

abstract范文篇三

英语 论文 Abstract

摘要的分类

1． 陈述性摘要 (descriptive abstract)

只说明（陈述）论文的主题，不介绍论文的具体内容

Sample 1

Translation is not only a linguistic transference, but also an intercultural communication. For quite a long time, translation studies have been concentrated on the prescription of translation methods, with scant attention paid to the description of macro-cultural factors involved in the translating. In this paper, the writer contends that the study of the macro-cultural factors will surely enlarge the scope and enrich the content of the translation studies. The paper is largely a rudimentary step, both in theory and in practice, to expose some of the factors influencing Mr. Fu’s translation of Gone with the Wind, with a historic and descriptive approach employed. Sample 2

To the general public, China English is a relatively new and serious concept, while in the fields of linguistics and translation a group of scholars have already make a study on it. Now most scholars hold that China English, based on the standard English, is a kind of variant of English to express things and concepts with Chinese characteristic. It is the product of the English language used in English-speaking countries combined with the unique Chineseness. Then, in the nation of China with a thousand-long history and civilization, how has China English come into being, grown and developed? This paper mainly focuses on the factors involved in the emergence and development of China English and it also explores people’s attitude toward China English, and analyzes the trend and role of China English in China and the world.

2． 资料性/信息性摘要 (informative abstract)

除了说明论文的主题外，还要介绍论文的主要观点、主要内容和研究成果 Sample 3

This paper, based on the theories and principles of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, deals with definitions and functions of emotional quotient, revealing some of the learners’ emotional characteristics, which affect the outcome of language learning. The author insists that language learning is a very sophisticated psychological process, and aspects of emotional quotient influence the learner’s cognitive process in which knowledge of the target language is internalized as language competence or skills. Results of experiments prove that positive and rich emotions are the motives needed for language learning. It is vital for language teachers to motivate their students to acquire the target language by developing their emotions and helping them internalize what they are learning. The author also mentions that language teachers should recognize the potential for creating a warm and friendly environment for language learning so that language teaching and learning process will be more effective in improving the learner’s IQ, EQ, and language creative ability.

Sample 4

In order to help students with their translation and assist teachers to find students’ main problems with translation, this paper studies an English to Chinese

translation exercise of the second year English majors in a university. The author studies in by collecting and sorting out the typical errors made by students and analyzing the causes of the errors guided by error analysis theory. The research adopts the basic translation criteria of TEM-8 in sorting out students’ translation errors. According to the research, students’ errors fall into these categories: confusion in denotative and connotative meaning of a word, unnatural Chinese expressions, problems in dealing with proper nouns, misinterpretation of sentence structures of the source text, etc. Then the thesis analyzes the underlying causes: students’ lack of both translation theories and practice, and poor Chinese competence. It is hoped that more of this kind of research in both Chinese and English translation be done to guide translation teaching and practice.

Sample 5

As a limitation of cultural transmission, culture absence prevents Chinese readers from fully appreciating the original text. This thesis takes the translating of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter as an example, aiming at discussing the culture translation approach in the practice of translation. As one of Hawthorne’s best-known novel, The Scarlet Letter has its distinctive culture feature and the problem of culture absence commonly exists in translating it into Chinese. This thesis compares three different Chinese translation versions of the novel based on the analysis of its culture connotation, and discusses the culture absence of historical background, religious belief, mythological elements, metaphorical expressions, color images, etc. In the thesis, examples are given to illustrate how culture absence presents in its Chinese translations. Also, different compensative means for the culture absence are compared in the thesis, such as transliteration and semantic translation, literal translation and free translation, domestication and foreignization; the proper translation strategy should depend on different situations from the perspective of culture preservation.

英文摘要常用的句型表达主要有：

This paper argues (demonstrates) …

This paper explores (probes into) …

This paper elaborates on (expounds) …

This paper includes (covers, touches on) …

This paper aims to (aims at) …

This paper focuses on …

This paper makes a comparison of …

This paper makes an attempt to touch on …

This paper offers a discussion of (an overview of, an analysis of ) …{abstract范文}.

This paper develops the theory of …

This paper is a criticism of the theory of …

This paper, on the basis of …, reveals (illustrates) …

Based on …, this paper first categorizes … and then tentatively sets out … The purpose (objective) of this paper is to review …

The author (writer) of this paper holds (considers, deems, contends) …

The author tries to give an account of …

In this paper, the author proposes …

It is pointed out …

In light of … theory, discussion is made about … in this paper.

This thesis aims at a better understanding of English to Chinese (E to C) translation of adverbial clauses in business contracts. The author first describes the general theories and criteria for translation, and those specifics for the translation of international business contracts, which are theoretical guidelines for the whole thesis. Then the writer discusses and analyzes the four categories of adverbial clauses in international business contracts in translation. Finally, the author explores the major problems involved in translating adverbial clauses in business contracts from English to Chinese and proposes compensative strategies.

abstract范文篇四

论文中英文模板ABSTRACT

毕业论文题目： 专业 指导教师（姓名、职称）：{abstract范文}.

关键词：{abstract范文}.

摘 要 34{abstract范文}.

THESIS： SPECIALIZATION： POSTGRADUATE： MENTOR：

Keywords:

ABSTRACT 35

abstract范文篇五

abstract template论文摘要模板

Writing an Abstract

Class name: ___M49_______Student’s name in Chinese: ___于倩茹___________

Instructions:

Write an abstract of about 150 English words for a research article by following Abstract Model 1. The abstract should be based on your Bachelor’s (if you are currently a postgraduate student) or Master’s (if you are currently a PhD student) thesis. Make comments on your old abstract and state why and how you plan to improve it. Then, attach your reworked abstract to the bottom of the old version. In your new version, mark the essential abstract components (introduction, methodology, results, and conclusion) wherever you think you see them. Use the following abstract template for this homework.

Old abstract

New abstract

2